HighResMIP Choices

In this project, we will use data from high-resolution models that participate in HighResMIP. From the HighResMIP website:

“HighResMIP is a multi-model investigation of the impact of horizontal resolution on climate models. It involves atmosphere-only and coupled runs for 1950-2050, with some additional experiments and a successor project, HighResMIP2.”

Contents

Model selection criteria

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In his paper, Oleg Saenko outlined the selection criteria for that project:

“When selecting the models we applied the following criteria: (a) ocean nominal resolution must be 0.25\(^\circ\) or higher; (b) model output must be available from the hist‐1950 and highres‐future simulations for all variables required in our analysis; (c) the selected models must be able to reproduce the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area within no more than two standard errors, as documented in Table 3 of Selivanova et al. (2024). The models satisfying these criteria are dominated by the HadGEM3‐GC3.1 family of models with different ocean and/or atmosphere resolution (Table S1 in Supporting Information S1).” [1] (on page 2)

The selected models are summarized in the supplementary information.

“Table S1. Climate models from HighResMIP analyzed in this study. Also indicated are the corresponding Arctic Ocean and (nominal) atmosphere resolutions (both in km).

Model

Modelling center

Arctic Ocean

Atmos.

Reference

EC-Earth3P-HR

EC-Earth Consortium,
Europe

12.6

50

Haarsma et al. 2016[2]

HadGEM3-GC3.1-HH
HadGEM3-GC3.1-HM
HadGEM3-GC3.1-MM

Met Office Hadley Centre,
United Kingdom

4.2
12.6
12.6

50
50
100

Roberts et al. 2019[3]

“ [1] (on page 19 / X-9)

Laliberté et al. 2018[4] defines landfast ice in model output using a combination of sea ice thickness sithick, concentration siconc, and velocities siu and siv.

Cook et al. 2024[5] notes that multi-year sea ice flow through the Northwest Passage is a hazard to shipping.

Therefore, siage will be a variable of interest.

I will evaluate the HighResMIP models using criteria similar to Saenko et al. 2025[1]:

  • Does the model have both historical and future simulation output available?

    • Historical: hist-1950

      • Required.

    • Future: highres-future

      • Not strictly required, depending on whether we make projections or solely compare to observations.

  • Does the model have the necessary variables output?

    • Priority variables: siconc, siage, siu, siv

      • Should sithick be a priority variable?

    • Probably won’t need sivol is we are focusing on area fluxes.

    • Likely won’t need tas unless we want to evaluate correlations between temperature and sea ice variables, following Saenko et al. 2025[1].

  • Does the model have a high enough resolution?

    • We will evaluate the resolution in the CAA region in particular.

    • Ocean resolution of 0.25\(^\circ\) or higher

    • Should there be an atmosphere resolution requirement as well?

  • Does the model reproduce the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area within no more than two standard errors?

    • See Selivanova et al. 2024[6] Table 3 for observed trend and standard error.

  • Does the model resolve the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA) well?

    • Initial evaluation done by inspecting maps of how land is represented in the CAA

    • How can I quantitatively evaluate this?

    • What specific channels would be necessary to resolve for this project?

Table of HighResMIP models

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The following table is adapted from Haarsma et al. 2016[2].

Model name

Contact institute

Atmosphere resolution (STD/HI)
mid-latitude (km)

Ocean resolution
(HI)

Including in this project

Historical and Future
experiments?

Priority variables available
(siage, siconc, sithick, siu, siv)

AWI-CM

Alfred Wegener Institute

T127 (\(∼100\) km)
T255 (\(∼ 50\) km)

1–\(\frac{1}{4}^\circ\)
0.05–1\(^\circ\)

No, lacks siage variable

hist-1950

siconc, sithick, siu, siv

BCC-CSM2-HR

Beijing Climate Center

T106 (\(∼ 110\) km)
T266 (\(∼ 45\) km)

\(\frac{1}{3}\)–1\(^\circ\)

No, lacks siage variable

hist-1950

siconc, sithick, siu, siv

BESM

INPE

T126 (\(∼ 100\) km)
T233 (\(∼ 60\) km)

0.25\(^\circ\)

No, not available through ESGF data portal

N/A

N/A

CAM5

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

100 km
25 km

CESM1-CAM5-ES-LR: No, does not resolve any islands in CAA
CESM1-CAM5-SE-HR: In consideration, has low-res land mask

hist-1950,
highres-future

siage, siconc, sithick, siu, siv

CAM6

NCAR

100 km
28 km

No, not available through ESGF data portal

N/A

N/A

CAMS

Chinese Academy of Meteorological
Sciences

No, lacks hist-1950 experiment and priority variables

Neither

None, but has siconca

CMCC

Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui
Cambiamenti Climatici

100 km
25 km

0.25\(^\circ\)

No, lacks most priority variables

hist-1950,
highres-future

siconc

CNRM-CM6

CERFACS

T127 (\(∼ 100\) km)
T359 (\(∼ 35\) km)

1\(^\circ\)
0.25\(^\circ\)

In consideration pending evaluation of CAA resolution

hist-1950,
highres-future

siage (not in HR), siconc, sithick,
siu, siv

EC-Earth

SMHI, KNMI, BSC, CNR, and 23 other
institutes

T255 (\(∼ 80\) km)
T511/T799 (\(∼ 40\)/25 km)

1\(^\circ\)
0.25\(^\circ\)

EC-Earth3P-HR: Yes
EC-Earth3P: In consideration pending evaluation of CAA resolution

hist-1950,
highres-future

siage, siconc, sithick, siu, siv

ECMWF-IFS

ECMWF

No, lacks siage variable

hist-1950

siconc, sithick, siu, siv

FGOALS

LASG, IAP, CAS

100 km
25 km

0.1–0.25\(^\circ\)

No, lacks all sea ice variables

hist-1950,
highres-future (H only)

None

GFDL

GFDL

200 km
-

No, lacks siage variable

hist-1950

siconc, sithick, siu, siv

HadGEM3-GC3

Met Office Hadley Centre

60 km
25 km

0.25\(^\circ\)

HadGEM3-GC3.1-HH: Yes
HadGEM3-GC3.1-HM: Yes
HadGEM3-GC3.1-LL: In consideration pending evaluation of CAA resolution
HadGEM3-GC3.1-LM: No, lacks variables siage, siu, and siv
HadGEM3-GC3.1-MH: No, lacks sea ice variables in hist-1950 experiment
HadGEM3-GC3.1-MM: Yes

HH, HM, LL, MM:
hist-1950,
highres-future
LM: Neither
MH: hist-1950

HH, HM, LL, MH, MM:
siage, siconc, sithick, siu, siv
LM: siconc, sithick

HiRAM-SIT

AS-RCEC

No, lacks all sea ice variables

hist-1950,
highres-future

None

INMCM-5H

Institute of Numerical Mathematics

–
0.3 \(\times\) 0.4\(^\circ\)

0.25 \(\times\) 0.5\(\circ\)
\(\frac{1}{6}\times\frac{1}{8}^\circ\)

No, lacks most priority variables

hist-1950

siconc

IPSL-CM6

IPSL

0.25\(^\circ\)

No, lacks all sea ice variables

Neither

None

MPAS-CAM

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

–
30–50 km

0.25\(^\circ\)

No, lacks all sea ice variables

Neither

None

MIROC6-CGCM

AORI, Univ. of Tokyo/JAMSTEC/National
Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES)

–
T213

0.25\(^\circ\)

No, not available through ESGF data portal

N/A

N/A

NICAM

JAMSTEC/AORI/ The Univ. of
Tokyo/RIKEN/AICS

56–28 km
14 km (short term)

No, lacks most priority variables

Neither

siconc

MPI-ESM

Max Planck Institute for Meteorology

T127 (\(∼ 100\) km)
T255 (\(∼ 50\) km)

0.4\(^\circ\)

No, lacks siage variable

hist-1950,
highres-future

siconc, sithick, siu, siv

MRI-AGCM3

Meteorological Research Institute

TL159 (\(∼ 120\) km)
TL959 (\(∼ 20\) km)

No, lacks most priority variables

Neither

siconc

NorESM

Norwegian Climate Service Centre

2\(^\circ\)
0.25\(^\circ\)

0.25\(^\circ\)

No, not available through ESGF data portal

N/A

N/A

Models

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Evaluation of each HighResMIP model is presented below with the following information:

  • Citation of the model

  • Institution

  • Simulations available (historical and future)

  • Relevant variables available

  • Resolution information

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

    • Plot of areacello, volcello, or sftlf in the CAA in Panoply using these settings:

      • Map Projection

        • Projection: Azimuthal Equal-Area

        • Centered on:

          • Lon: -90\(^\circ\)E

          • Lat: 77\(^\circ\)N

          • Edge Angle: 11.0\(^\circ\)

          • Fill corners: Yes

        • Grid Lines Spacing:

          • 15\(^\circ\) E-W

          • 15\(^\circ\) N-S

      • Map Overlay

        • Overlay 1: Earth.cno

          • Color: Red

          • Weight: 75

          • Style: Long Dashes

        • Overlay 2: MWDB_Coasts_1.cnob

          • Color: Black

          • Weight: 50

          • Style: Solid

AWI-CM

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AWI-CM-1-1-HR

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  • Citation of the model

    • Semmler, Tido; Danilov, Sergey; Rackow, Thomas; Sidorenko, Dmitry; Hegewald, Jan; Sein, Dmitri; Wang, Qiang; Jung, Thomas (2017). AWI AWI-CM 1.1 HR model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP. Version YYYYMMDD.Earth System Grid Federation. doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.1202

  • Institution

    • Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI), Germany

  • Simulations available (experiment_id’s)

    • hist-1950

    • control-1950

    • spinup-1950

  • Relevant variables available

    • realm = seaIce

      • sithick

      • siu

      • siv

      • sitimefrac

      • fsitherm

      • siconc

      • sifllatstop

      • siarean

      • siareas

      • sidmassevapsubl

      • sidmasssi

      • sidmassth

      • siextentn

      • siextents

      • sisnconc

      • sisnmass

      • sisnthick

      • sispeed

      • sistrxdtop

      • sistrxubot

      • sistrydtop

      • sistryubot

      • sivol

      • sivoln

      • sivols

    • tas not available

  • Resolution information

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

    • The areacello variable in the file for AWI-CM-1-1-HR is 1-dimensional and does not appear to map to ocean grid cells. I am unsure whether this is expected, or whether this is an issue with the data file I downloaded.

  • Decision

    • This model lacks the siage variable. For now, I will exclude this model from the project, but I may revisit this decision if siage turns out to not be necessary.

AWI-CM-1-1-LR

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  • Citation of the model

    • Semmler, Tido; Danilov, Sergey; Rackow, Thomas; Sidorenko, Dmitry; Hegewald, Jan; Sein, Dmitri; Wang, Qiang; Jung, Thomas (2017). AWI AWI-CM 1.1 LR model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP. Version YYYYMMDD.Earth System Grid Federation. doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.1209

  • Institution

    • Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI), Germany

  • Simulations available (experiment_id’s)

    • hist-1950

    • control-1950

    • spinup-1950

  • Relevant variables available

    • realm = seaIce

      • sitimefrac

      • sithick

      • siu

      • siv

      • sivoln

      • sivols

      • fsitherm

      • siarean

      • siareas

      • siconc

      • sidmassevapsubl

      • sidmasssi

      • sidmassth

      • siextentn

      • siextents

      • sifllatstop

      • sisnconc

      • sisnmass

      • sisnthick

      • sispeed

      • sistrxdtop

      • sistrxubot

      • sistrydtop

      • sistryubot

      • sivol

    • tas not available

  • Resolution information

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

    • The areacello variable in the file for AWI-CM-1-1-LR is 1-dimensional and does not appear to map to ocean grid cells. I am unsure whether this is expected, or whether this is an issue with the data file I downloaded.

  • Decision

    • This model lacks the siage variable. For now, I will exclude this model from the project, but I may revisit this decision if siage turns out to not be necessary.

BCC-CSM2

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BCC-CSM2-HR

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  • Citation of the model

    • Wu, T., Yu, R., Lu, Y., Jie, W., Fang, Y., Zhang, J., Zhang, L., Xin, X., Li, L., Wang, Z., Liu, Y., Zhang, F., Wu, F., Chu, M., Li, J., Li, W., Zhang, Y., Shi, X., Zhou, W., Yao, J., Liu, X., Zhao, H., Yan, J., Wei, M., Xue, W., Huang, A., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Shu, Q., and Hu, A.: BCC-CSM2-HR: a high-resolution version of the Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model, Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 2977–3006, doi:10.5194/gmd-14-2977-2021, 2021.

  • Institution

    • Beijing Climate Center (BCC), China

  • Simulations available (experiment_id’s)

    • hist-1950

    • control-1950

    • highresSST-present

  • Relevant variables available

    • realm = seaIce

      • siconc

      • siu

      • siv

      • simass

      • sisnthick

      • sitemptop

      • sivol

      • siitdconc

      • sithick

    • tas not available

  • Resolution information

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

    • In the plot below of areacello in Panoply, I don’t see any land mask (which would be in gray), so it appears that the model does not resolve the CAA at all.

    • Additionally, there is a gray line along approximately the 100\(^\circ\)E line of longitude. This line appears to be an artifact, however it is unclear to me whether this would be an artifact in the model data or an artifact of plotting it in Panoply.

  • Decision

    • This model lacks the siage variable. For now, I will exclude this model from the project, but I may revisit this decision if siage turns out to not be necessary.

Panoply_map_areacello_Ofx_BCC-CSM2-HR_hist-1950

BESM

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I do not see this model as available through the ESGF data portal. Here’s a citation I found for something related: Veiga, S. F., Nobre, P., Giarolla, E., Capistrano, V., Baptista Jr., M., Marquez, A. L., Figueroa, S. N., Bonatti, J. P., Kubota, P., and Nobre, C. A.: The Brazilian Earth System Model ocean–atmosphere (BESM-OA) version 2.5: evaluation of its CMIP5 historical simulation, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 1613–1642, doi:10.5194/gmd-12-1613-2019, 2019.

  • Decision

    • This model is not available through the ESGF data portal, so I will exclude it from the project.

CAM5

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CESM1-CAM5-SE-HR

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  • Citation of the model

    • Hurrel, James; Holland, Marika; Gent, Peter; Ghan, Steven; Kay, Jennifer; Kushner, Paul; Lamarque, Jean-Francois; Large, William G.; Lawrence, David; Lindsay, Keith; Lipscomb, William; Long, Matthew; Mahowald, Natalie M.; Marsh, Daniel; Neale, Richard; Rasch, Philip J.; Vavrus, Stephen J.; Vertenstein, Mariana; Bader, David C.; Collins, William D.; Hack, James J.; Kiehl, Jeff; Marshall, Shawn (2020). NCAR CESM1-CAM5-SE-HR model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP. Version YYYYMMDD.Earth System Grid Federation. doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.14220

  • Institution

    • National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), United States

  • Simulations available (experiment_id’s)

    • highres-future

    • hist-1950

    • control-1950

  • Relevant variables available

    • realm = seaIce

      • sfdsi

      • siage

      • siarean

      • siareas

      • sicompstren

      • siconc

      • sidconcdyn

      • sidconcth

      • sidivvel

      • sidmasstranx

      • sidmasstrany

      • siextentn

      • siextents

      • sifllatstop

      • sifllwdtop

      • sifllwutop

      • siflsenstop

      • siflsensupbot

      • siflswdbot

      • siflswdtop

      • siflswutop

      • siforcecoriolx

      • siforcecorioly

      • siforceintstrx

      • siforceintstry

      • simass

      • sisaltmass

      • sishevel

      • sisnthick

      • sispeed

      • sistrxdtop

      • sistrxubot

      • sistrydtop

      • sistryubot

      • sitemptop

      • sithick

      • sitimefrac

      • siu

      • siv

      • sivol

      • sivoln

      • sivols

      • siconca

    • tas

  • Resolution information

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

    • In the plot below of areacello in Panoply, the model’s land mask (in grey) does not appear to resolve the CAA well. The land mask is missing many islands of the CAA and the coastlines are very blocky and poorly resolved. The Parry Channel is clear, however lacks all the islands along the northern side.

    • Additionally, there is a gray line along approximately the 110\(^\circ\)E line of longitude. This line appears to be an artifact, however it is unclear to me whether this would be an artifact in the model data or an artifact of plotting it in Panoply.

  • Decision

    • In consideration for inclusion in the project. This model has the necessary variables, but does not resolve the CAA very well.

Panoply_map_areacello_Ofx_CESM1-CAM5-ES-HR_hist-1950

CESM1-CAM5-SE-LR

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  • Citation of the model

    • Hurrel, James; Holland, Marika; Gent, Peter; Ghan, Steven; Kay, Jennifer; Kushner, Paul; Lamarque, Jean-Francois; Large, William G.; Lawrence, David; Lindsay, Keith; Lipscomb, William; Long, Matthew; Mahowald, Natalie M.; Marsh, Daniel; Neale, Richard; Rasch, Philip J.; Vavrus, Stephen J.; Vertenstein, Mariana; Bader, David C.; Collins, William D.; Hack, James J.; Kiehl, Jeff; Marshall, Shawn (2020). NCAR CESM1-CAM5-SE-LR model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP. Version YYYYMMDD.Earth System Grid Federation. doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.14262

  • Institution

    • National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), United States

  • Simulations available (experiment_id’s)

    • highres-future

    • control-1950

  • Relevant variables available

    • realm = seaIce

      • sfdsi

      • siage

      • siarean

      • siareas

      • sicompstren

      • siconc

      • sidconcdyn

      • sidconcth

      • sidivvel

      • sidmasstranx

      • sidmasstrany

      • siextentn

      • siextents

      • sifllatstop

      • sifllwdtop

      • sifllwutop

      • siflsenstop

      • siflsensupbot

      • siflswdbot

      • siflswdtop

      • siflswutop

      • siforcecoriolx

      • siforcecorioly

      • siforceintstrx

      • siforceintstry

      • simass

      • simassacrossline

      • sisaltmass

      • sishevel

      • sisnthick

      • sispeed

      • sistrxdtop

      • sistrxubot

      • sistrydtop

      • sistryubot

      • sitemptop

      • sithick

      • sitimefrac

      • siu

      • siv

      • sivol

      • sivoln

      • sivols

      • siconca

    • tas

  • Resolution information

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

    • In the plot below of areacello in Panoply, the model’s land mask (in grey) is very low resolution with only a “pole hole” in Greenland.

  • Decision

    • Excluded from analysis due to not resolving any islands of the CAA.

Panoply_map_areacello_Ofx_CESM1-CAM5-ES-LR_control-1950

CAM6

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I do not see this model as available through the ESGF data portal. Seems like this might not have been completed yet? The webpage I found for it is out of date: https://ncar.github.io/CAM_SciDoc/doc/build/html/cam6_scientific_summary/index.html#references

  • Decision

    • This model is not available through the ESGF data portal, so I will exclude it from the project.

CAMS

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CAMS-CSM1-0

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  • Citation of the model

    • Rong, Xinyao (2019). CAMS CAMS-CSM1.0 model output prepared for CMIP6 ScenarioMIP. Version YYYYMMDD.Earth System Grid Federation. doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.11004

  • Institution

    • Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS), China

  • Simulations available (experiment_id’s)

    • highresSST-present

  • Relevant variables available

    • realm = seaIce

      • siconca

    • tas

    • areacello not available

  • Resolution information

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

    • Not evaluated

  • Decision

    • Excluded from analysis due to lack of necessary variables (e.g. siconc, siu, siv, siage).

CMCC

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CMCC-CM2-HR4

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  • Citation of the model

    • Scoccimarro, Enrico; Bellucci, Alessio; Peano, Daniele (2017). CMCC CMCC-CM2-HR4 model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP. Version YYYYMMDD.Earth System Grid Federation. doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.1359

  • Institution

    • Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (CMCC), Italy

  • Simulations available (experiment_id’s)

    • highres-future

    • hist-1950

    • control-1950

    • highresSST-future

    • highresSST-present

  • Relevant variables available

    • realm = seaIce

      • siconc

      • simass

      • sisnmass

      • sitimefrac

      • sivol

    • tas

    • areacello not available

  • Resolution information

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

  • Decision

    • Excluded from analysis due to lack of necessary variables (e.g. siu, siv, siage).

CMCC-CM2-VHR4

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  • Citation of the model

    • Scoccimarro, Enrico; Bellucci, Alessio; Peano, Daniele (2017). CMCC CMCC-CM2-VHR4 model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP. Version YYYYMMDD.Earth System Grid Federation. doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.1367

  • Institution

    • Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (CMCC), Italy

  • Simulations available (experiment_id’s)

    • highres-future

    • hist-1950

    • control-1950

    • highresSST-future

    • highresSST-present

  • Relevant variables available

    • realm = seaIce

      • siconc

      • simass

      • sisnmass

      • sitimefrac

      • sivol

    • tas

    • areacello not available

  • Resolution information

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

  • Decision

    • Excluded from analysis due to lack of necessary variables (e.g. siu, siv, siage).

CNRM

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CNRM-CM6-1

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  • Citation of the model

    • Voldoire, A., Saint-Martin, D., Sénési, S., Decharme, B., Alias, A., Chevallier, M., et al. (2019). Evaluation of CMIP6 DECK experiments with CNRM-CM6-1. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11, 2177–2213. doi:10.1029/2019MS001683

  • Institution

    • Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique (CERFACS), France

  • Simulations available (experiment_id’s)

    • highres-future

    • hist-1950

    • control-1950

    • spinup-1950

    • highresSST-future

    • highresSST-present

  • Relevant variables available

    • realm = seaIce

      • siconca

      • siconc

      • sithick

      • siu

      • siv

      • sidconcdyn

      • simass

      • sitemptop

      • sidmasslat

      • siextentn

      • siextents

      • sisnconc

      • sisnthick

      • sispeed

      • sitempsnic

      • sivol

      • sivoln

      • sivols

      • siareaacrossline

      • siarean

      • siareas

      • sidconcth

      • sidmassgrowthbot

      • sidmassmeltbot

      • sidmassmelttop

      • sidmasstranx

      • sidmasstrany

      • sifb

      • sifllatstop

      • sifllwutop

      • siflsensupbot

      • siflswdtop

      • siflswutop

      • simassacrossline

      • sndmassmelt

      • sndmasssi

      • sndmasssnf

      • sfdsi

      • siage

      • sicompstren

      • sidmassth

      • sihc

      • sidmassdyn

      • sisaltmass

      • sisnhc

      • sisnmass

      • sistrxdtop

      • sitimefrac

      • sidivvel

      • sidmassevapsubl

      • sidmassgrowthwat

      • sidmasssi

      • siflcondbot

      • siflcondtop

      • siflfwbot

      • siflfwdrain

      • siflswdbot

      • sipr

      • sishevel

      • sistrxubot

      • sistrydtop

      • sistryubot

      • sitempbot

      • sndmassdyn

      • sndmasssubl

      • snmassacrossline

    • tas

    • areacello not available

  • Resolution information

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

    • This model does not appear to have areacello or any fixed-frequency variables available. Therefore, I have not made a map of the CAA in Panoply for this model.

  • Decision

    • In consideration for inclusion in the project. This model has the necessary variables, but I am unsure about how well it resolves the CAA as it does not have areacello or any fixed-frequency variables available.

CNRM-CM6-1-HR

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  • Citation of the model

    • Voldoire, Aurore (2019). CNRM-CERFACS CNRM-CM6-1-HR model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP. Version YYYYMMDD.Earth System Grid Federation. doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.1387

  • Institution

    • Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique (CERFACS), France

  • Simulations available (experiment_id’s)

    • highres-future

    • hist-1950

    • control-1950

    • highresSST-future

    • highresSST-present

  • Relevant variables available

    • realm = seaIce

      • siconc

      • sithick

      • siu

      • siv

      • sfdsi

      • sitempsnic

      • sivoln

      • siconca

      • siextentn

      • siextents

      • simass

      • sisnconc

      • sisnthick

      • sispeed

      • sitemptop

      • sivol

      • sivols

      • sidmassdyn

      • sidmassth

      • sihc

      • sisaltmass

      • sisnhc

      • sisnmass

      • sitimefrac

    • tas

    • areacello not available

  • Resolution information

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

    • This model does not appear to have areacello or any fixed-frequency variables available. Therefore, I have not made a map of the CAA in Panoply for this model.

  • Decision

    • In consideration for inclusion in the project. This model has the necessary variables, but I am unsure about how well it resolves the CAA as it does not have areacello or any fixed-frequency variables available.

EC-Earth

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EC-Earth3P

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  • Citation of the model

    • Haarsma, R., Acosta, M., Bakhshi, R., Bretonnière, P.-A., Caron, L.-P., Castrillo, M., Corti, S., Davini, P., Exarchou, E., Fabiano, F., Fladrich, U., Fuentes Franco, R., García-Serrano, J., von Hardenberg, J., Koenigk, T., Levine, X., Meccia, V. L., van Noije, T., van den Oord, G., Palmeiro, F. M., Rodrigo, M., Ruprich-Robert, Y., Le Sager, P., Tourigny, E., Wang, S., van Weele, M., and Wyser, K.: HighResMIP versions of EC-Earth: EC-Earth3P and EC-Earth3P-HR – description, model computational performance and basic validation, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 3507–3527, doi:10.5194/gmd-13-3507-2020, 2020.

  • Institution

    • EC-Earth Consortium, Europe

  • Simulations available (experiment_id’s)

    • highres-future

    • hist-1950

    • control-1950

    • spinup-1950

    • highresSST-future

    • highresSST-present

  • Relevant variables available

    • realm = seaIce

      • siconc

      • sithick

      • siu

      • siv

      • sitemptop

      • sisnthick

      • sispeed

      • siage

      • sicompstren

      • sidmassevapsubl

      • siflswdtop

      • sistrxdtop

      • sistrydtop

      • sivol

      • sisali

      • sidivvel

    • tas

  • Resolution information

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

    • In the plot below of volcello in Panoply, the model’s land mask (in grey) does an okay job of resolving the CAA. The land mask captures the majority of the islands of the CAA, however in many circumstances, groups of individual islands have been grouped together. The Parry Channel is mostly clear, however may be too narrow on the eastern end and lacks several straits along the northern side.

  • Decision

    • In consideration for inclusion in the project. This model has the necessary variables, but does not resolve the CAA as well as others. Further investigation needed to determine whether the resolution is high enough.

Panoply_map_areacello_Ofx_EC-Earth3P_highres_future

EC-Earth3P-HR

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  • Citation of the model

    • EC-Earth Consortium (EC-Earth) (2018). EC-Earth-Consortium EC-Earth3P-HR model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP. Version YYYYMMDD.Earth System Grid Federation. doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.2323

    • Haarsma, R., Acosta, M., Bakhshi, R., Bretonnière, P.-A., Caron, L.-P., Castrillo, M., Corti, S., Davini, P., Exarchou, E., Fabiano, F., Fladrich, U., Fuentes Franco, R., García-Serrano, J., von Hardenberg, J., Koenigk, T., Levine, X., Meccia, V. L., van Noije, T., van den Oord, G., Palmeiro, F. M., Rodrigo, M., Ruprich-Robert, Y., Le Sager, P., Tourigny, E., Wang, S., van Weele, M., and Wyser, K.: HighResMIP versions of EC-Earth: EC-Earth3P and EC-Earth3P-HR – description, model computational performance and basic validation, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 3507–3527, doi:10.5194/gmd-13-3507-2020, 2020.

  • Institution

    • EC-Earth Consortium, Europe

  • Simulations available (experiment_id’s)

    • highres-future

    • hist-1950

    • control-1950

    • highresSST-future

    • highresSST-present

  • Relevant variables available

    • realm = seaIce

      • siconc

      • sithick

      • siu

      • siv

      • sitemptop

      • sisnthick

      • sispeed

      • siage

      • sicompstren

      • sidmassevapsubl

      • siflswdtop

      • sistrxdtop

      • sistrydtop

      • sivol

      • sisali

    • tas

  • Resolution information

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

    • In the plot below of areacello in Panoply, the model’s land mask (in grey) appears to resolve the CAA well. The land mask matches well both the Earth.cno (red dashed line) and MWDB_Coasts_1.cnob (black solid line) overlays, which represent the coastlines of the CAA. In particular, the Parry Channel seems to be well-resolved.

  • Decision

    • Included in analysis.

Panoply_map_areacello_Ofx_EC-Earth3P-HR_highres_future

ECMWF-IFS

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ECMWF-IFS-HR

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  • Citation of the model

    • Roberts, Christopher David; Senan, Retish; Molteni, Franco; Boussetta, Souhail; Keeley, Sarah (2017). ECMWF ECMWF-IFS-HR model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP. Version YYYYMMDD.Earth System Grid Federation. doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.2461

  • Institution

    • European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Europe

  • Simulations available (experiment_id’s)

    • hist-1950

    • control-1950

    • highresSST-present

    • spinup-1950

  • Relevant variables available

    • realm = seaIce

      • siconc

      • sisnthick

      • sitemptop

      • sithick

      • siu

      • siv

      • sistrxdtop

      • sistrydtop

      • sivol

    • tas

    • areacello not available

  • Resolution information

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

    • In the plot below of sftlf in Panoply, the model’s representation of where land is does an okay job of resolving the CAA. The land matches both the Earth.cno (red dashed line) and MWDB_Coasts_1.cnob (black solid line) overlays fairly well for the larger and medium sized islands. The Parry Channel has a point towards the eastern end which seems to have a high percentage of land crossing the channel.

    • In the plot below of sftlf in Panoply, the model’s representation of where land is appears to resolve the CAA well. The land matches well both the Earth.cno (red dashed line) and MWDB_Coasts_1.cnob (black solid line) overlays, which represent the coastlines of the CAA. In particular, the Parry Channel seems to be fairly well-resolved.

  • Decision

    • This model lacks the siage variable. For now, I will exclude this model from the project, but I may revisit this decision if siage turns out to not be necessary.

Panoply_map_sftlf_fx_ECMWF-IFS-HR_hist_1950

ECMWF-IFS-LR

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  • Citation of the model

    • Roberts, Christopher David; Senan, Retish; Molteni, Franco; Boussetta, Souhail; Keeley, Sarah (2017). ECMWF ECMWF-IFS-LR model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP. Version YYYYMMDD.Earth System Grid Federation. doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.2463

  • Institution

    • European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Europe

  • Simulations available (experiment_id’s)

    • hist-1950

    • control-1950

    • highresSST-present

    • spinup-1950

  • Relevant variables available

    • realm = seaIce

      • siconc

      • sisnthick

      • sitemptop

      • sithick

      • siu

      • siv

      • sistrxdtop

      • sistrydtop

      • sivol

    • tas

    • areacello not available

  • Resolution information

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

    • In the plot below of sftlf in Panoply, the model’s representation of where land is does an okay job of resolving the CAA. The land matches both the Earth.cno (red dashed line) and MWDB_Coasts_1.cnob (black solid line) overlays fairly well for the larger and medium sized islands. The Parry Channel has a point towards the eastern end which seems to have a high percentage of land crossing the channel.

  • Decision

    • This model lacks the siage variable. For now, I will exclude this model from the project, but I may revisit this decision if siage turns out to not be necessary. It may also have issues with resolving the Parry Channel.

Panoply_map_sftlf_fx_ECMWF-IFS-LR_hist_1950

ECMWF-IFS-MR

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  • Citation of the model

    • Roberts, Christopher David; Senan, Retish; Molteni, Franco; Boussetta, Souhail; Keeley, Sarah (2017). ECMWF ECMWF-IFS-LR model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP. Version YYYYMMDD.Earth System Grid Federation. doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.2463

  • Institution

    • European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Europe

  • Simulations available (experiment_id’s)

    • hist-1950

    • control-1950

    • spinup-1950

  • Relevant variables available

    • realm = seaIce

      • siconc

      • sisnthick

      • sitemptop

      • sithick

      • siu

      • siv

      • sistrxdtop

      • sistrydtop

      • sivol

    • tas

    • areacello not available

  • Resolution information

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

    • This model does not appear to have areacello, sftlf, or any fixed-frequency variables available. Therefore, I have not made a map of the CAA in Panoply for this model.

  • Decision

    • This model lacks the siage variable. For now, I will exclude this model from the project, but I may revisit this decision if siage turns out to not be necessary.

FGOALS

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FGOALS-f3-H

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  • Citation of the model

    • BAO, Q., LIU, Y., WU, G., HE, B., LI, J., WANG, L., … ZHANG, X. (2020). CAS FGOALS-f3-H and CAS FGOALS-f3-L outputs for the high-resolution model intercomparison project simulation of CMIP6. Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 13(6), 576–581. doi:10.1080/16742834.2020.1814675

  • Institution

    • Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China

  • Simulations available (experiment_id’s)

    • highres-future

    • hist-1950

    • control-1950

    • highresSST-future

    • highresSST-present

  • Relevant variables available

    • realm = seaIce

      • None

    • tas

    • areacello not available

  • Resolution information

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

    • Not evaluated

  • Decision

    • Excluded from analysis due to lack of necessary variables (e.g. siconc, siu, siv, siage).

FGOALS-f3-L

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  • Citation of the model

    • BAO, Q., LIU, Y., WU, G., HE, B., LI, J., WANG, L., … ZHANG, X. (2020). CAS FGOALS-f3-H and CAS FGOALS-f3-L outputs for the high-resolution model intercomparison project simulation of CMIP6. Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 13(6), 576–581. doi:10.1080/16742834.2020.1814675

  • Institution

    • Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China

  • Simulations available (experiment_id’s)

    • highresSST-future

    • highresSST-present

  • Relevant variables available

    • realm = seaIce

      • None

    • tas

    • areacello not available

  • Resolution information

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

    • Not evaluated

  • Decision

    • Excluded from analysis due to lack of necessary variables (e.g. siconc, siu, siv, siage).

GFDL

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GFDL-CM4C192

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  • Citation of the model

    • Zhao, Ming; Blanton, Chris; John, Jasmin G; Radhakrishnan, Aparna; Zadeh, Niki T.; McHugh, Colleen; Rand, Kristopher; Vahlenkamp, Hans; Wilson, Chandin; Ginoux, Paul; Malyshev, Sergey; Wyman, Bruce; Guo, Huan; Balaji, V; Held, Isaac M; Dunne, John P.; Winton, Michael; Adcroft, Alistair; Milly, P.C.D; Shevliakova, Elena; Knutson, Thomas; Ploshay, Jeffrey; Zeng, Yujin (2018). NOAA-GFDL GFDL-CM4C192 model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP highresSST-future. Version YYYYMMDD.Earth System Grid Federation. doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.8563

  • Institution

    • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), United States

  • Simulations available (experiment_id’s)

    • hist-1950

    • control-1950

    • highresSST-future

    • highresSST-present

  • Relevant variables available

    • realm = seaIce

      • siconc

      • simass

      • sisnconc

      • sisnmass

      • sisnthick

      • sispeed

      • sitemptop

      • sithick

      • sitimefrac

      • sivol

      • siu

      • siv

    • tas

    • areacello not available

  • Resolution information

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

    • This model does not appear to have areacello or any fixed-frequency variables available. Therefore, I have not made a map of the CAA in Panoply for this model.

  • Decision

    • This model lacks the siage variable. For now, I will exclude this model from the project, but I may revisit this decision if siage turns out to not be necessary.

HadGEM3-GC3

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HadGEM3-GC3.1-HH

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  • Citation of the model

    • Roberts, Malcolm (2018). MOHC HadGEM3-GC31-HH model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP. Version YYYYMMDD.Earth System Grid Federation. doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.445

  • Institution

    • Met Office Hadley Centre, United Kingdom

  • Simulations available (experiment_id’s)

    • highres-future

    • hist-1950

    • control-1950

  • Relevant variables available

    • realm = seaIce

      • sithick

      • siu

      • siv

      • siage

      • siconc

      • sidivvel

      • sidmassdyn

      • sidmassmeltbot

      • sidmassmelttop

      • sidmassth

      • siflcondbot

      • siflcondtop

      • siflfwbot

      • siflfwdrain

      • sifllatstop

      • siflsensupbot

      • sihc

      • simass

      • sipr

      • sisnconc

      • sisnhc

      • sisnmass

      • sisnthick

      • sispeed

      • sistrxdtop

      • sistrxubot

      • sistrydtop

      • sistryubot

      • sitempbot

      • sitimefrac

      • sivol

    • tas

  • Resolution information

    • “atmos: MetUM-HadGEM3-GA7.1 (N512; 1024 x 768 longitude/latitude; 85 levels; top level 85 km)”

    • “ocean: NEMO-HadGEM3-GO6.0 (eORCA12 tripolar primarily 1/12 deg; 4320 x 3604 longitude/latitude; 75 levels; top grid cell 0-1 m)”

    • “seaIce: CICE-HadGEM3-GSI8 (eORCA12 tripolar primarily 1/12 deg; 4320 x 3604 longitude/latitude)”

      • This is the irregular grid used for siage, siconc, sithick, siu, and siv.

      • Dimensions: (j: 3604, i: 4320)

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

    • In the plot below of areacello in Panoply, the model’s land mask (in grey) appears to resolve the CAA well. The land mask matches well both the Earth.cno (red dashed line) and MWDB_Coasts_1.cnob (black solid line) overlays, which represent the coastlines of the CAA. In particular, the Parry Channel seems to be well-resolved.

    • I suspect this might indeed be the same areacello as was used for EC-Earth3P-HR. The only difference I can see is a gray line along approximately the 107\(^\circ\)E line of longitude. This line appears to be an artifact, however it is unclear to me whether this would be an artifact in the model data or an artifact of plotting it in Panoply.

  • Decision

    • Included in analysis.

Panoply_map_areacello_Ofx_HadGEM3-GC31-HH_control-1950

HadGEM3-GC3.1-HM

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  • Citation of the model

    • Roberts, Malcolm (2017). MOHC HadGEM3-GC31-HM model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP. Version YYYYMMDD.Earth System Grid Federation. doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.446

  • Institution

    • Met Office Hadley Centre, United Kingdom

  • Simulations available (experiment_id’s)

    • highres-future

    • hist-1950

    • control-1950

    • highresSST-future

    • highresSST-present

  • Relevant variables available

    • realm = seaIce

      • sithick

      • siu

      • siv

      • siage

      • siconc

      • sidivvel

      • sidmassdyn

      • sidmassmeltbot

      • sidmassmelttop

      • sidmassth

      • siflcondbot

      • siflcondtop

      • siflfwbot

      • siflfwdrain

      • sifllatstop

      • sifllwdtop

      • sifllwutop

      • siflsenstop

      • siflsensupbot

      • siflswdtop

      • siflswutop

      • sihc

      • simass

      • sipr

      • sisnconc

      • sisnhc

      • sisnmass

      • sisnthick

      • sispeed

      • sistrxdtop

      • sistrxubot

      • sistrydtop

      • sistryubot

      • sitempbot

      • sitemptop

      • sitimefrac

      • sivol

    • tas

  • Resolution information

    • “atmos: MetUM-HadGEM3-GA7.1 (N512; 1024 x 768 longitude/latitude; 85 levels; top level 85 km)”

      • This is the regular grid used for the siconc datafiles.

      • Dimensions: (lat: 768, lon: 1024)

    • “ocean: NEMO-HadGEM3-GO6.0 (eORCA025 tripolar primarily 0.25 deg; 1440 x 1205 longitude/latitude; 75 levels; top grid cell 0-1 m)”

    • “seaIce: CICE-HadGEM3-GSI8 (eORCA025 tripolar primarily 0.25 deg; 1440 x 1205 longitude/latitude)”

      • This is the irregular grid used for siage, sithick, siu, and siv.

      • Dimensions: (j: 1205, i: 1440)

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

    • The areacello plot for HadGEM3-GC3.1-HM seems to be identical to the areacello plot for HadGEM3-GC3.1-HH, and therefore I won’t reproduce it here.

  • Decision

    • Included in analysis.

HadGEM3-GC3.1-LL

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  • Citation of the model

    • Ridley, Jeff; Menary, Matthew; Kuhlbrodt, Till; Andrews, Martin; Andrews, Tim (2019). MOHC HadGEM3-GC31-LL model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP historical. Version YYYYMMDD.Earth System Grid Federation. doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.6109

  • Institution

    • Met Office Hadley Centre, United Kingdom

  • Simulations available (experiment_id’s)

    • highres-future

    • hist-1950

    • control-1950

    • spinup-1950

  • Relevant variables available

    • realm = seaIce

      • sithick

      • siu

      • siv

      • siage

      • siconc

      • sidivvel

      • sidmassdyn

      • sidmassmeltbot

      • sidmassmelttop

      • sidmassth

      • siflcondbot

      • siflcondtop

      • siflfwbot

      • siflfwdrain

      • sifllatstop

      • sifllwdtop

      • sifllwutop

      • siflsenstop

      • siflsensupbot

      • siflswdtop

      • siflswutop

      • sihc

      • simass

      • sipr

      • sisnconc

      • sisnhc

      • sisnmass

      • sisnthick

      • sispeed

      • sistrxdtop

      • sistrxubot

      • sistrydtop

      • sistryubot

      • sitempbot

      • sitemptop

      • sitimefrac

      • sivol

    • tas

  • Resolution information

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

    • In the plot below of areacello in Panoply, the model’s land mask (in grey) does an okay job of resolving the CAA. The land mask captures the majority of the islands of the CAA, however in many circumstances, groups of individual islands have been grouped together. The Parry Channel is mostly clear, however may be too narrow on the eastern end and lacks several straits along the northern side.

    • I suspect this might indeed be the same areacello as was used for EC-Earth3P. The only difference I can see is a gray line along approximately the 107\(^\circ\)E line of longitude. This line appears to be an artifact, however it is unclear to me whether this would be an artifact in the model data or an artifact of plotting it in Panoply.

  • Decision

    • In consideration for inclusion in the project. This model has the necessary variables, but does not resolve the CAA as well as others. Further investigation needed to determine whether the resolution is high enough.

Panoply_map_areacello_Ofx_HadGEM3-GC31-LL_hist-1950

HadGEM3-GC3.1-LM

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  • Citation of the model

    • None found

  • Institution

    • Met Office Hadley Centre, United Kingdom

  • Simulations available (experiment_id’s)

    • highresSST-future

    • highresSST-present

  • Relevant variables available

    • realm = seaIce

      • siconc

      • sithick

    • tas

    • areacello not available

  • Resolution information

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

    • Not evaluated

  • Decision

    • Excluded from analysis due to lack of necessary variables (e.g. siu, siv, siage).

HadGEM3-GC3.1-MH

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  • Citation of the model

    • None found

  • Institution

    • Met Office Hadley Centre, United Kingdom

  • Simulations available (experiment_id’s)

    • hist-1950

    • spinup-1950

  • Relevant variables available

    • realm = seaIce

      • sithick

      • siu

      • siv

      • siage

      • siconc

      • sidivvel

      • sidmassdyn

      • sidmassmeltbot

      • sidmassmelttop

      • sidmassth

      • siflcondbot

      • siflcondtop

      • siflfwbot

      • siflfwdrain

      • sifllatstop

      • siflsensupbot

      • sihc

      • simass

      • sipr

      • sisnconc

      • sisnhc

      • sisnmass

      • sisnthick

      • sispeed

      • sistrxdtop

      • sistrxubot

      • sistrydtop

      • sistryubot

      • sitempbot

      • sitimefrac

      • sivol

    • tas

    • areacello not available

  • Resolution information

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

    • Not evaluated

  • Decision

    • Excluded from analysis as no sea ice variables are available in the hist-1950 experiment.

HadGEM3-GC3.1-MM

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  • Citation of the model

    • Ridley, Jeff; Menary, Matthew; Kuhlbrodt, Till; Andrews, Martin; Andrews, Tim (2019). MOHC HadGEM3-GC31-MM model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP historical. Version YYYYMMDD.Earth System Grid Federation. doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.6112

  • Institution

    • Met Office Hadley Centre, United Kingdom

  • Simulations available (experiment_id’s)

    • highres-future

    • hist-1950

    • control-1950

    • highresSST-future

    • highresSST-present

    • spinup-1950

  • Relevant variables available

    • realm = seaIce

      • sithick

      • siu

      • siv

      • siage

      • siconc

      • sidivvel

      • sidmassdyn

      • sidmassmeltbot

      • sidmassmelttop

      • sidmassth

      • siflcondbot

      • siflcondtop

      • siflfwbot

      • siflfwdrain

      • sifllatstop

      • sifllwdtop

      • sifllwutop

      • siflsenstop

      • siflsensupbot

      • siflswdtop

      • siflswutop

      • sihc

      • simass

      • sipr

      • sisnconc

      • sisnhc

      • sisnmass

      • sisnthick

      • sispeed

      • sistrxdtop

      • sistrxubot

      • sistrydtop

      • sistryubot

      • sitempbot

      • sitemptop

      • sitimefrac

      • sivol

    • tas

  • Resolution information

    • “atmos: MetUM-HadGEM3-GA7.1 (N216; 432 x 324 longitude/latitude; 85 levels; top level 85 km)”

      • This is the regular grid used for the siconc datafiles.

      • Dimensions: (lat: 324, lon: 432)

    • “ocean: NEMO-HadGEM3-GO6.0 (eORCA025 tripolar primarily 0.25 deg; 1440 x 1205 longitude/latitude; 75 levels; top grid cell 0-1 m)”

    • “seaIce: CICE-HadGEM3-GSI8 (eORCA025 tripolar primarily 0.25 deg; 1440 x 1205 longitude/latitude)”

      • This is the irregular grid used for siage, sithick, siu, and siv.

      • Dimensions: (j: 1205, i: 1440)

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

    • The areacello plot for HadGEM3-GC3.1-MM seems to be identical to the areacello plot for HadGEM3-GC3.1-HH, and therefore I won’t reproduce it here.

  • Decision

    • Included in analysis.

HiRAM-SIT

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HiRAM-SIT-HR

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  • Citation of the model

    • Tu, Chia-Ying (2020). AS-RCEC HiRAM-SIT-HR model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP. Version YYYYMMDD.Earth System Grid Federation. doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.13301

  • Institution

    • Academia Sinica, Research Center for Environmental Changes (AS-RCEC), Taiwan

  • Simulations available (experiment_id’s)

    • highres-future

    • hist-1950

    • highresSST-future

    • highresSST-present

  • Relevant variables available

    • realm = seaIce

      • None

    • tas

    • areacello not available

  • Resolution information

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

    • Not evaluated

  • Decision

    • Excluded from analysis due to lack of any sea ice variables.

HiRAM-SIT-LR

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  • Citation of the model

    • Tu, Chia-Ying (2020). AS-RCEC HiRAM-SIT-LR model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP. Version YYYYMMDD.Earth System Grid Federation. doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.13303

  • Institution

    • Academia Sinica, Research Center for Environmental Changes (AS-RCEC), Taiwan

  • Simulations available (experiment_id’s)

    • highres-future

    • hist-1950

    • highresSST-future

    • highresSST-present

  • Relevant variables available

    • realm = seaIce

      • None

    • tas

    • areacello not available

  • Resolution information

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

    • Not evaluated

  • Decision

    • Excluded from analysis due to lack of any sea ice variables.

INM-CM

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INM-CM5-H

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  • Citation of the model

    • Volodin, Evgeny; Mortikov, Evgeny; Gritsun, Andrey; Lykossov, Vasily; Galin, Vener; Diansky, Nikolay; Gusev, Anatoly; Kostrykin, Sergey; Iakovlev, Nikolay; Shestakova, Anna; Emelina, Svetlana (2019). INM INM-CM5-0 model output prepared for CMIP6 ScenarioMIP. Version YYYYMMDD.Earth System Grid Federation. doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.12322

  • Institution

    • Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia

  • Simulations available (experiment_id’s)

    • hist-1950

    • control-1950

    • highresSST-present

  • Relevant variables available

    • realm = seaIce

      • siconc

      • simass

    • tas

    • areacello not available

  • Resolution information

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

    • Not evaluated

  • Decision

    • Excluded from analysis due to lack of necessary variables (e.g. siu, siv, siage).

IPSL-CM6A

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  • This evaluation applies to all of the following models:

    • IPSL-CM6A-ATM-ICO-LR

    • IPSL-CM6A-ATM-ICO-MR

    • IPSL-CM6A-ATM-ICO-HR

    • IPSL-CM6A-ATM-ICO-VHR

    • IPSL-CM6A-LR

    • IPSL-CM6A-ATM-HR

  • Citation of one of the models (IPSL-CM6A-LR)

    • Boucher, Olivier; Denvil, Sébastien; Levavasseur, Guillaume; Cozic, Anne; Caubel, Arnaud; Foujols, Marie-Alice; Meurdesoif, Yann; Cadule, Patricia; Devilliers, Marion; Ghattas, Josefine; Lebas, Nicolas; Lurton, Thibaut; Mellul, Lidia; Musat, Ionela; Mignot, Juliette; Cheruy, Frédérique (2018). IPSL IPSL-CM6A-LR model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version YYYYMMDD.Earth System Grid Federation. doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.1534

  • Institution

    • Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (IPSL), France

  • Simulations available (experiment_id’s)

    • highresSST-present

  • Relevant variables available

    • realm = seaIce

      • None

    • tas

    • areacello not available

  • Resolution information

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

    • Not evaluated

  • Decision

    • Excluded from analysis due to lack of necessary variables (e.g. siconc, siu, siv, siage).

MPAS-CAM

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CAM-MPAS-HR

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  • Citation of the model

    • Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) (2025). PNNL-WACCEM CAM-MPAS-HR model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP highresSST-future. Version YYYYMMDD.Earth System Grid Federation. doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.14090

  • Institution

    • Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), USA

  • Simulations available (experiment_id’s)

    • highresSST-future

    • highresSST-present

  • Relevant variables available

    • realm = seaIce

      • None

    • tas

    • areacello not available

  • Resolution information

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

    • Not evaluated

  • Decision

    • Excluded from analysis due to lack of necessary variables (e.g. siconc, siu, siv, siage).

CAM-MPAS-LR

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  • Citation of the model

    • Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) (2025). PNNL-WACCEM CAM-MPAS-LR model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP highresSST-future. Version YYYYMMDD.Earth System Grid Federation. doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.14767

  • Institution

    • Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), USA

  • Simulations available (experiment_id’s)

    • highresSST-future

    • highresSST-present

  • Relevant variables available

    • realm = seaIce

      • None

    • tas

    • areacello not available

  • Resolution information

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

    • Not evaluated

  • Decision

    • Excluded from analysis due to lack of necessary variables (e.g. siconc, siu, siv, siage).

MIROC6-CGCM

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I do not see this model as available through the ESGF data portal. Here’s a citation I found for something related: Shiogama, Hideo; Abe, Manabu; Tatebe, Hiroaki (2019). MIROC MIROC6 model output prepared for CMIP6 ScenarioMIP. Version YYYYMMDD.Earth System Grid Federation. doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.898

  • Decision

    • This model is not available through the ESGF data portal, so I will exclude it from analysis.

NICAM

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NICAM16

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  • This evaluation applies to all of the following models:

    • NICAM16-7S

    • NICAM16-9S

    • NICAM16-8S

  • Citation of one of the models (NICAM16-9S)

    • Kodama, Chihiro; Ohno, Tomoki; Seiki, Tatsuya; Yashiro, Hisashi; Noda, Akira T.; Nakano, Masuo; Yamada, Yohei; Roh, Woosub; Satoh, Masaki; Nitta, Tomoko; Goto, Daisuke; Miura, Hiroaki; Nasuno, Tomoe; Miyakawa, Tomoki; Chen, Ying-Wen; Sugi, Masato (2019). MIROC NICAM16-9S model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP. Version YYYYMMDD.Earth System Grid Federation. doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.1036

  • Institution

    • Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Japan

  • Simulations available (experiment_id’s)

    • highresSST-future

    • highresSST-present

  • Relevant variables available

    • realm = seaIce

      • siconc

      • siconca

      • simass

      • sisnmass

    • tas

    • areacello not available

  • Resolution information

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

    • Not evaluated

  • Decision

    • Excluded from analysis due to lack of necessary variables (e.g. siu, siv, siage).

MPI-ESM

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MPI-ESM1-2-HR

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  • Citation of the model

    • von Storch, Jin-Song; Putrasahan, Dian; Lohmann, Katja; Gutjahr, Oliver; Jungclaus, Johann; Bittner, Matthias; Haak, Helmuth; Wieners, Karl-Hermann; Giorgetta, Marco; Reick, Christian; Esch, Monika; Gayler, Veronika; de Vrese, Philipp; Raddatz, Thomas; Mauritsen, Thorsten; Behrens, Jörg; Brovkin, Victor; Claussen, Martin; Crueger, Traute; Fast, Irina; Fiedler, Stephanie; Hagemann, Stefan; Hohenegger, Cathy; Jahns, Thomas; Kloster, Silvia; Kinne, Stefan; Lasslop, Gitta; Kornblueh, Luis; Marotzke, Jochem; Matei, Daniela; Meraner, Katharina; Mikolajewicz, Uwe; Modali, Kameswarrao; Müller, Wolfgang; Nabel, Julia; Notz, Dirk; Peters-von Gehlen, Karsten; Pincus, Robert; Pohlmann, Holger; Pongratz, Julia; Rast, Sebastian; Schmidt, Hauke; Schnur, Reiner; Schulzweida, Uwe; Six, Katharina; Stevens, Bjorn; Voigt, Aiko; Roeckner, Erich (2017). MPI-M MPIESM1.2-HR model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP. Version YYYYMMDD.Earth System Grid Federation. doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.762

  • Institution

    • Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Germany

  • Simulations available (experiment_id’s)

    • highres-future

    • hist-1950

    • control-1950

    • highresSST-future

    • highresSST-present

  • Relevant variables available

    • realm = seaIce

      • siconc

      • sithick

      • siu

      • siv

      • siarean

      • siareas

      • sidconcdyn

      • sidconcth

      • sidmassdyn

      • sidmassth

      • sidmasstranx

      • sidmasstrany

      • siextentn

      • siextents

      • sifb

      • siflcondbot

      • siflcondtop

      • siflfwbot

      • sihc

      • simass

      • simassacrossline

      • sisaltmass

      • sisnconc

      • sisnhc

      • sispeed

      • sistrxdtop

      • sistrxubot

      • sistrydtop

      • sistryubot

      • sitimefrac

      • sivol

      • sivoln

      • sivols

      • sndmassdyn

      • sndmasssnf

      • sisnmass

      • sisnthick

    • tas

    • areacello not available, however volcello is available

  • Resolution information

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

    • In the plot below of volcello in Panoply, the model’s land mask (in grey) does an okay job of resolving the CAA. The land mask captures almost all of the islands of the CAA, however in many circumstances, groups of individual islands have been grouped together. The Parry Channel is clear, however lacks several straits along the northern side.

  • Decision

    • This model lacks the siage variable. For now, I will exclude this model from the project, but I may revisit this decision if siage turns out to not be necessary.

Panoply_map_volcello_Ofx_MPI-ESM1-2-HR-hist-1950

MPI-ESM1-2-XR

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  • Citation of the model

    • von Storch, Jin-Song; Putrasahan, Dian; Lohmann, Katja; Gutjahr, Oliver; Jungclaus, Johann; Bittner, Matthias; Haak, Helmuth; Wieners, Karl-Hermann; Giorgetta, Marco; Reick, Christian; Esch, Monika; Gayler, Veronika; de Vrese, Philipp; Raddatz, Thomas; Mauritsen, Thorsten; Behrens, Jörg; Brovkin, Victor; Claussen, Martin; Crueger, Traute; Fast, Irina; Fiedler, Stephanie; Hagemann, Stefan; Hohenegger, Cathy; Jahns, Thomas; Kloster, Silvia; Kinne, Stefan; Lasslop, Gitta; Kornblueh, Luis; Marotzke, Jochem; Matei, Daniela; Meraner, Katharina; Mikolajewicz, Uwe; Modali, Kameswarrao; Müller, Wolfgang; Nabel, Julia; Notz, Dirk; Peters-von Gehlen, Karsten; Pincus, Robert; Pohlmann, Holger; Pongratz, Julia; Rast, Sebastian; Schmidt, Hauke; Schnur, Reiner; Schulzweida, Uwe; Six, Katharina; Stevens, Bjorn; Voigt, Aiko; Roeckner, Erich (2017). MPI-M MPI-ESM1.2-XR model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP. Version YYYYMMDD.Earth System Grid Federation. doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.10290

  • Institution

    • Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Germany

  • Simulations available (experiment_id’s)

    • highres-future

    • hist-1950

    • control-1950

    • highresSST-future

    • highresSST-present

  • Relevant variables available

    • realm = seaIce

      • siconc

      • sithick

      • siu

      • siv

      • siarean

      • siareas

      • sidconcdyn

      • sidconcth

      • sidmassdyn

      • sidmassth

      • sidmasstranx

      • sidmasstrany

      • siextentn

      • siextents

      • sifb

      • siflcondbot

      • siflcondtop

      • siflfwbot

      • sihc

      • simass

      • simassacrossline

      • sisaltmass

      • sisnconc

      • sisnhc

      • sisnmass

      • sisnthick

      • sispeed

      • sistrxdtop

      • sistrxubot

      • sistrydtop

      • sistryubot

      • sitimefrac

      • sivol

      • sivoln

      • sivols

      • sndmassdyn

      • sndmasssnf

    • tas

    • areacello not available, however volcello is available

  • Resolution information

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

    • The volcello plot for MPI-ESM1-2-XR seems to be identical to the areacello plot for MPI-ESM1-2-HR, and therefore I won’t reproduce it here.

  • Decision

    • This model lacks the siage variable. For now, I will exclude this model from the project, but I may revisit this decision if siage turns out to not be necessary.

MRI-AGCM3

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MRI-AGCM3-2-H

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  • Citation of the model

    • Mizuta, Ryo; Yoshimura, Hiromasa; Ose, Tomoaki; Hosaka, Masahiro; Yukimoto, Seiji (2019). MRI MRI-AGCM3-2-H model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP. Version YYYYMMDD.Earth System Grid Federation. doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.10942

  • Institution

    • Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Japan

  • Simulations available (experiment_id’s)

    • highresSST-future

    • highresSST-present

  • Relevant variables available

    • realm = seaIce

      • siconc

    • tas

    • areacello not available

  • Resolution information

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

    • In the plot below of volcello in Panoply, the model’s land mask (in grey) does an okay job of resolving the CAA. The land mask captures almost all of the islands of the CAA, however in many circumstances, groups of individual islands have been grouped together. The Parry Channel is clear, however lacks several straits along the northern side.

  • Decision

    • This model lacks the hist-1950 experiment as well as the variables siu, siv, and siage. Therefore, I will exclude this model from the project.

MRI-AGCM3-2-S

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  • Citation of the model

    • Mizuta, Ryo; Yoshimura, Hiromasa; Ose, Tomoaki; Hosaka, Masahiro; Yukimoto, Seiji (2019). MRI MRI-AGCM3-2-S model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP. Version YYYYMMDD.Earth System Grid Federation. doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.1625

  • Institution

    • Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Japan

  • Simulations available (experiment_id’s)

    • highresSST-future

    • highresSST-present

  • Relevant variables available

    • realm = seaIce

      • siconc

    • tas

    • areacello not available

  • Resolution information

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model reproduces the observed trend in Arctic sea ice area

    • Not evaluated

  • Evaluation of how well the model resolves the CAA

    • In the plot below of volcello in Panoply, the model’s land mask (in grey) does an okay job of resolving the CAA. The land mask captures almost all of the islands of the CAA, however in many circumstances, groups of individual islands have been grouped together. The Parry Channel is clear, however lacks several straits along the northern side.

  • Decision

    • This model lacks the hist-1950 experiment as well as the variables siu, siv, and siage. Therefore, I will exclude this model from the project.

NorESM

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I do not see this model as available through the ESGF data portal. Here’s a citation I found for something related: Bentsen, Mats; Oliviè, Dirk Jan Leo; Seland, Øyvind; Toniazzo, Thomas; Gjermundsen, Ada; Graff, Lise Seland; Debernard, Jens Boldingh; Gupta, Alok Kumar; He, Yanchun; Kirkevåg, Alf; Schwinger, Jörg; Tjiputra, Jerry; Aas, Kjetil Schanke; Bethke, Ingo; Fan, Yuanchao; Griesfeller, Jan; Grini, Alf; Guo, Chuncheng; Ilicak, Mehmet; Karset, Inger Helene Hafsahl; Landgren, Oskar Andreas; Liakka, Johan; Moseid, Kine Onsum; Nummelin, Aleksi; Spensberger, Clemens; Tang, Hui; Zhang, Zhongshi; Heinze, Christoph; Iversen, Trond; Schulz, Michael (2019). NCC NorESM2-MM model output prepared for CMIP6 ScenarioMIP. Version YYYYMMDD.Earth System Grid Federation. doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.608

  • Decision

    • This model is not available through the ESGF data portal, so I will exclude it from the project.

References

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